Nomadic empire class 11 history chapter 3 notes

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Nomadic empire 

•  The term Nomadic empire can appear contradictory as nomads are wanderers while empire carriers a sense of material location
• There are different groups of nomads the Mongol established transcontinental Kingdom under Genghis Khan 
• The people themselves produced no literature so all knowledge about them comes from documents by city based litterateurs however they produced mostly biased report

Introduction

• Genghis Khan was known as 'wrath of God' by the people of middle East people 
• He was also known as mandate from God to rule the world 
• He has spent his life Uniting Mongol and had various military achievement
• His grandson mongke has warned French ruler Louis IX
• His another grandson Batu devastated Russian steppe, seized Poland, Hungary and campaigned outside Vienna
• He had captured Bukhara in 1220

Social and political background

• Mongol were diverse body linked by similarity of language

Composition 

• Tatars,khitan and manchus in the east
• Turkic tribe in the west
• Two occupation ➡ pastoralists and hunter gathers

Geography

• Mongol was in Central Asia
• In North ➡altai mountains
• In North and West ➡ onon and salenga river
• In south ➡ arid Gobi desert 
• There is extreme climate ➡ agriculture was possible only for short period➡so they don't took to it

Division

• Scare resources led to Mongol divided into patrilineal lineages
• Group of families would occasionally ally for offensive and defensive purpose
• This confederation were short lived
• Genghis Khan confederation was more durable unlike Attila confederation

Trade

• Nomadic economy ➡ Mongol, while agrarian economy ➡ China
• They were different but not foreign to each other
• They had traded in barter system both were mutually beneficial ,agriculture product and iron utensils from China were exchanged for horses ,fur and game trapped in the steppe
• However the two groups applied military forces to enhance profit
• In the war the major loss was of China as they was settled ,the nomads could move away from the war region without much damage.
• This lead to the building of great Wall of China from third century itself

The career of Genghis Khan

• Birth ➡ near Onan river in Mongolia
• Name ➡ Temujin 
• Father ➡ Yesugei chieftain of kiyat group borjigid clan
• Mother ➡ oelun eke
• Wife ➡ Borte
• First friend ➡ Boghurchu 
• Blood brother ➡ Jamuqa ( first friend then foe) 
• He restored ties with keriyat leader ong khan 
• After defeating Jamuqa he defeated tatars ( his father assaisans) and Ong khan himself in 1203 the final defeat of Naiman people and Jamuqa  in 1206 earned him the title of great Khan or oceanic ruler or universal ruler by body of chieftain known as quriltai

Contribution

• Nishapur where a mongol prince was killed in warfare Genghis Khan ordered to kill all the people including cats and dogs
• He divided China into three parts for conquering it

1. Hsi hsia people of Tibetan and north west provinces 
2. Jurchen who controlled North China
3. Sung dynasty who controlled South China

• His military achievements were a astonishing and they were result of the ability to innovate and transform different aspect of steppe combat into extremely effective military strategies

1. The horse riding skills ➡ provided speed and mobility
2. Shooting skills➡ were improve campaigns were launched when river froze
3. Developing portable equipments

Dates 🗓️

• 1162➡ Temujin birth
• 1227 ➡ Temujin death 
• 1209 ➡ Hsi hsia defeat 
• 1213 ➡ great Wall of China was breached
• 1216➡ Genghis Khan return homeland
• 1218 ➡ defeat of qara khita 

Places 

• After the defeat of qara khita Mongol domination reached Amu darya the states of transoxiana and khwarazm where Sultan Muhammad had executed Mongol envoys which led to Genghis Khan rage
• He had fled to Azerbaijan which led to defeat of parts of Russia and Caspian sea
• His son Jalaluddin entered Afghanistan to which mangol thought of entering India through North India part but couldn't do it as

1. The heat of the natural habitat 
2.  The ill portent reported by his Shaman soothsayer 

The Mongol after Genghis Khan

• It was divided into two phases

1. 1236 -42 major events were capture of Russian Steppe ,kiew,Poland and hungary
2. 1255-1300 major events for conquest of China (1279)Iran, Iraq and Syria

• After 1230s campaign couldn't sustain in west as there were internal politics of succession
• In the first two generations descendants of Joshi and ogodei allied however they were marginalized by toluyid descendants of toluy 
• Campaigns were going on in Iran but the interest was in China so the military was shifted towards China which led to unstaffed military force going to Egypt
• This mark the end of Western expansion

Social ,political and military organisation

• In Mongol adult male had arms
• Army was heterogeneous in order to erase tribal identity
• His army was organised according to old steppe system in decimal system like 10 ,100,1000 etc
• According to old steps system the clan and tribe coexist within the decimal units however Genghis Khan stop the system and redistributed different tribes in different groups those who try to move from his allotted group would receive harsh punishment
  
  
  

Title

• The army would serve under his four son 
• Noyan➡ chosen captain
•  anda➡Blood brother
• Nauker ➡ special rank bondsmen
• Aristocracy ➡close relation with Genghis Khan
• Ulus ➡ undefined territory 
• Tama➡ military contingent
• Quriltai ➡ chieftain assembly
• Yam ➡ courier system
• Baj tax ➡ traders tax
• Qubcur tax ➡1/10 of herd
• Yasa ➡ legal code
• Heart of empire ➡ karakoram

Territory division

• Jochi ➡ Russian Steppe
• Chaghtai ➡ transoxiana steppe north of pamir mountains
• Ogodei ➡succed him as great Khan
• Toluy ➡ ancestral land 
  
  
  

Advancement

• The rapid courier system was more developed
• There were outpost at regular space intervals
• The silk route was more refined for safe conduct
• Conquest lead to damage of canals

• In north China a group wanted to kill all peasantry which was opposed by quibilai Khan and gazan Khan

Civil servants

• They recruited civil administrators from the Conquered society
• The civil servants moved around the Empire
• The rulers were happy as long as they raised revenue

They have considerable influence

• Chinese minister muted some of Ogodei rapacious instincts
• Juwaini family had similar role in Iran
• Wazir Rashiduddin drafted Gazan Khan speech

The descendants of Genghis Khan eventual separated and formed their own kingdoms

• Toluy ➡ formed yuan and II khanid dynasty ruled Iran and China 
• Jochi ➡ formed Golden horde ruled Russia 
• Chaghtai ➡ ruled turkisthan and transoxiana 

Conclusion

• When we remember Gazan Khan today the image that comes in our mind is the killer the conqueror however for the mongol he was the best ruler they ever had
• At the end of the 14th century timur another monarch who aspired to universal domination hesitate to declared himself monarch as  he was not descendent of Genghis Khan dynasty he declared his sovereignty when he became son in law of Genghis khanid dynasty

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