Class 11 notes political science chapter 2 Rights in Indian constitution

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Indian constitution at work ch 2 

Rights in Indian constitution notes

What are rights ? 

They are moral principles when accepted by society becomes legal rights

Importance of right

If rights granted by constitutional are not practiced properly then it would cause major inconvenience to that extent that one's life can be wasted

Bill of rights 

It is a list of rights given by constitution and protected by judiciary

Fundamental rights in the Indian constitution

• Specially protected rights
• Can only be changed by amending the constitution itself  unlike ordinary right which can be changed by ordinary process
• Judiciary is the protector of all rights

Fundamental rights include

1. Right to equality
2. Right to freedom
3. Right against exploitation
4. Right to freedom of religion
5. Cultural and educational rights
6. Right to constitution remedies
   
   
   

Right to equality 

• Prohibited discrimination ➡ state shall confer no title except military or academic one
• Article 16(4) ➡  Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
• Equality of opportunity is vital 

• Article 21➡  Protection of life and personal liberty. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law

Right to freedom 

• No person would be arrested without telling the ground of arrest and would be presented before magistrate within 24 hours
• Preventive detention

1. A person shall be arrested if he/ she is likely to engage in a unlawful activity
2. He/ she can only be arrested for 3 months
3. Then it is sent to advisory board for review

• Rights of the accused

1. He/ she is not guilty until found
2. No one can be punished for same offence more than once 
3. Can't declare a action illegal from backdate
4. No one can be asked to give evidence against himself/ herself

• Other freedom include freedom of speech, expression 

Right against exploitation

• Can not be forced to do something against his / her will that harm his moral and physique
• This right forbids employment under age of 14 year old in dangerous jobs
• Human trafficking is strictly prohibited 

Right to freedom of religion

• Every one is free to follow any religion or not not to follow any 
• However, government can impose restrictions to protect public order, morality and health
• Constitution has gauranted right to propagate one's religion but forbids forcible conversation 
• Government did not favour any religion. There is no state religion

Cultural and educational rights

• Right of minorities to follow their culture. They can set up their own educational institutions
• But it can only be followed if it doesn't harm national and personal interest

Right to constitution remedies

• Dr B R ambedkar called this right heart and soul of Indian constitution 
• The court can issue special orders known as writs

Economics Ch 1 introduction notes : part 1

B.M. Academia help you to make your work easy . So here we are with notes of Micro Economics chapter 1 Introduction to micro economics

This are divided into two parts 

Check out the part 2 of this chapter here  

 Economics and economy 

Origin : Greek words oikos meaning household and Nemein meaning management

It means management of household 

DEFINITION

It is the science of human behavior concerned with allocation of scarce means to maximize satisfaction of 1. Consumer 2. Producer 3. Society

Economic problem Rises because

1. Resources are limited

2.wants are unlimited

3. Resources have alternative uses

Scarcity 

When you have less what you wish for to acquire something you need sacrifice

To achieve its objective it need to

1. Maximize consumer satisfaction
2. Maximize producer profit 
3. Maximize society welfare 

Important: father of economics: Adam Smith 
                            Father of microeconomics: Alfred Marshall 

Economy : a place where people earn their living  

Two major branch of economics

1. Micro economics

2. Macro economics         

Positive and Normative economy 

Types of economic activity :

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INDIA SIZE AND LOCATION NOTES class 11

 India size and location notes

Ch 1 of class 11 geography book India physical environment.India size and location summary or revision notes at glance is given below

• Extends from 8°4'N to 37°6'N latitude and from 68° 7'E to 97° 25'E Longitude, roughly about 30° location of India in latitude and Longitude
• The Tropic of Cancer at 23° 30'N cuts the country in almost two halves
• The Indian location extends from Arunachal Pradesh in the east to Gujarat in the west and Kashmir in the north to Kanyakumari in the South
• The northernmost point is Indira Col in Siachen Glacier in the eastern part of Karakoram ranges, and the Southernmost point is Indira Point in the Nicobar Islands in the Andaman Sea
• The easternmost point of India is a tiny town in Arunachal Pradesh
• Distance from South to North is 3214 km. and that from west to east is 2933 km
  
  
  
•  Latitudes are equidistant. The distance between the two latitudes is 111 km
• Longitudes are basically not equidistant from each other at all places. They bulge at the equator and converge at the poles. The average distance between two longitudes is 100 km
• With the 30° difference or variation between the longitudes, there is almost a difference of two hours between the easternmost and westernmost part of the country
• To avoid any complications, the 82° 30'E longitude is selected as the Indian Standard Meridian as per the India location. The Indian Standard time is 5 hours and 30 minutes in advance of Greenwich Mean Time

India Extent and Size

• India has 2.4% of the total geographical area of the world making it the 7th largest in the entire world
• It comprises a total area of 3.28 million sq. km
• India has 7516.6 km. coastline (including the coastlines of the islands of Andaman and Nicobar in Bay of Bengal and that of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea)
• The coastline of India's mainland is 6100km
• India has a land boundary of about 15,200 km
• The Indian subcontinent includes countries like Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and India's mainland
• The Tropic of Cancer passes through the eight states: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, West Bengal, and Mizoram
•  The Standard Meridian of India passes through 5 states of India, namely: Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh

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Class 11 history ch 1 writing and city life notes

Class 11 chapter 1 writing and city life best revision notes

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Following are the  notes of chapter 1 of class 11 history writing and city life

Writing and city life

• Began in Mesopotamia
• Mesopotamia is derived from  Greek words mesos meaning middle and potamos meaning river
• It is land between two rivers  Euphrates and Tigris
• Known for its city life, literature and mathematics

Land

• South

1. Urbanised Akkad and Sumer
2. After 2000BCE south was also known as Babylonia

• North

1. Known as Assyria
2. Assyrian established Kingdom in North

Language

First known language Sumerian

• Which is replaced by Akkadian in 2400BCE
• From 1400BCE Aramaic which is similar to Hebrew came into being which was widely spoken after 1000BCE

Mesopotamia and it's geography

• In North East had undulating plains where agriculture began b/w 7000BCE - 6000BCE
• In North upland called steppe where animal herding earned better livelihood than agriculture
• In East tributaries of Tigris provide route for communication
• In south a desert where first cities emerged➡ how? ➡ as their tributaries carry silt and deposit it on land as well as act as irrigation canals

Significance of urbanization

• Where economy develop in spheres other that food production
• Continuous interaction need social organisation
• Division of labour is sign of urban life