Class 11 Economics chapter presentation of data notes cbse ncert

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Presentation of data 

The presentation of data means exhibition of data in clear and attractive manner that it can be easily analysed and understood 

It has 3 forms 

1. Textual or descriptive presentation 
2. Tabular presentation 
3. Diagrammatic presentation 

Textual presentation 

In this presentation data is part of study 

Ex :- those newspaper articles 

Suitability 

• When data is small and not extensive 

Drawback 

• One has to read entire text before coming at conclusion 

Tabular presentation 

Table refers to actual presentation of data in form of rows and columns while tabulation refers to the process of doing so .

Parts of table 

• Table number - table should be numbered they should be in same order as table 
• Title - a table should have title that is short but complete 
• Headnote - Additional information not covered by title 
• Stubs - the title of rows 
• Caption - title of columns 
• Body or field - sub total of all the items 
• Cell - each item of the body 
• Footnotes - for clarifying the reader 
• Source - from where the data is collected 

Guidelines for construction of a table 

• Ensure the title is compatible with the data.
• Facilitate comparison between rows and columns.
• Maintain an ideal table size for clarity.
• Use zero only to indicate an actual quantity of zero.
• Avoid using abbreviations for clarity.
• Ensure totals are accurate.

Kinds of table 

• According to purpose 

1. General purpose or reference table - data is of general use
2. Special purpose or summary table - data is collected keeping in mind some specific purpose 

• Table according to originality 

1. Original table - data is presented in same form and manner as it is collected 
2. Derived table -data is converted in form of percentage of ratios then presented 

• According to construction 

1. Simple or one way table - in this table only one characteristics is shown 
2. Complex table - in this table more than one characteristics is shown it can be classified into :-

• Double or two way - in which two characteristics of data is shown 
• Treble or three way table - in which three characteristics of data is shown 
• Manifold table - in this table more than three characteristics of data is shown 

Classification of data and tabular presentation 

Tabular presentation is based on four folds of classification:-

1. Qualitative - in which qualitative attributes of data is discussed ex employment 
2. Qualitative - in which quantitative attributes are discussed ex marks
3. Temporal - when time becomes classifying variable ex sales according to year
4. Spatial - when place or location become classify variable 

Merits of tabular presentation 

• Simple and brief 
• Easy analysis 
• Facilitate comparison 
• Economical 

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