Class 11 history chapter 6 Displacing indeginous people notes

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Displacing indigenous people 

European imperialism 

Imperialism means increasing own geographical area at the cost of other nation

Different nature of colonial establishment

1. In South Asia - company is like East India company became a political power
2. In Africa- Europeans traded on coast (except in South Africa) 

• Settler the term is used for 

1. Dutch in South Africa 
2. British in Ireland ,New Zealand and Australia 
3. European in America 

• Here the official language was English except in Canada where French was also an official language 
  

North America

Geography 

• It extent from Arctic Circle to tropic of Cancer 
• In the west of Rocky mountains is desert of Arizona and Nevada
• For the west lies Sierra nevada mountains 
• In East there are great plains, lakes, valleys of mississippi and ohio and Appalachian mountains
• In the south lies Mexico 
• 40% of Canada is covered with forest 
• Oil, gas and mineral resources are found in many parts so we are a big industries in this area 
• Fishing is a major industry in Canada 

The native people 

• The earliest inhabitants from Asia  came to North America around 30,000 year ago
• The oldest artifact found in America is an arrow point which is 11000 years old 
• Population only started to increase about 5000 years ago

• Hunting 

Fish ,meat and bison was eaten 

People cultivated vegetable and maize 

They only killed as many animals as needed

• Agriculture 

They don't produce a surplus 

And don't developed kingdoms and Empire 

They were fights between them but they were content with food and shelter 

They don't own a land 

Goods were not bought but given as gift

• Language

Numerous language was spoken but not written 

They believed time move in cycle 

Each tribe had a counts of their origin and earlier history 

• They were skilled craftsman and understand climate
• In 17 century when Europeans reached North America after 2 month voyage 
• They found friendly native people 
•  native traded fur and fish 
• In exchange of native goods Europeans give them iron vessels ,blankets ,gun and alcohol ( with which native people became addicted) Europeans acquired addiction of tobacco 

Mutual perception

• Western Europeans mean civilized as the one who is literate ,have organised religion and urbanization 
• According to them natives were  uncivilized
• However according to some philosophers like Jean Rousseau they had to be admired as they were away from corruption
• Popular term used was noble savages 
• According to English poet they have limited power of imagination and emotion 

• Goods
• To the natives they were gifts 
• 1 to the Europeans they were commodities 
• Sometimes European gave little in exchange sometimes they give more native couldn't understand this
• The greed of European resulted in slaughter of hundreds of beaver which made native uneasy

• Settler 
• Due to two sides of Christianity catholic and protestants there were a lot of clashes in catholic city protestants were prosecuted and vice versa  
• This was not problem until large land was vacant 
• But when European started clearing forest native were unhappy latest identified forest tracks as invisible to Europeans 
• While Europeans imagine forest cut down and replaced with cornfield 
• According to Thomas Jefferson third President of USA his dream was a country populated by Europeans with small farms natives were  uncivilized according to him

• Territory 

• Canada and USA came into existence only after 18th century 
• USA extended its land by purchase 
• southland was purchased from France ( the Louisiana) 
• Alaska was purchased from Russia 
• And by war much of Mexico was captured 
• When the frontiers move West natives forced to shift 

• Migrants
• Some migrants were younger son who didn't inherit fathers property
• And some were those who lost land to big farmers 
• They brought huge properties in low prices 
• The agriculture of rice and cotton started and to protect the farm they started killing wolves and lions
• They made it totally secure with barbed wire (1873) 
• Climate was too hot for them to work also, native they enslaved died in large number 
• So African slavery started
•  there were anti slavery protest which resulted in ban on slavery however those who were slaves were still slaves 
• Northern state where economy was not dependent on plantation or slavery argued ending slavery as it is an inhuman practice 
• In 1861 to 1865 war was held and slavery was banned 
• However only by 20 th century African Americans got civil liberties 
• Canada (1763) was won by British from France 
• Only in 1867 Canada became a confederation of autonomous state

The natives lose their land 

• Americans was the name given to Europeans living in America
• In USA natives were forced to shift and sign treaties 
• And Europeans saw nothing wrong in it 
• In 1832 USA chief justice John Marshall said Cherokees a tribe is occupying own land and there is nothing wrong in it
• Which was a opposed by US President Andrew Jackson 
• They justified it by saying that native don't deserve the land as they couldn't maximize its utility 
• Europeans killed wild bison and said that primitive man will disappear with primitive animal 
• Natives were locked in small areas known as reservations 
• They did not give up without fighting in USA between 1865 to 1890 there were lots of rebellion
• In Canada also the metis ( armed) had rebellions in 1869 to 1885 

The gold rush 

• Traces of gold were found in USA
• Which led to greater migration 
• Railways were made in USA and Canada for various reasons 

1. To manufacture railway equipments 
2. To produce machinery which make large scale farming easier 
3. Rapid transportation link for distant places

• Large scale agriculture was there 
• Bison was terminated which ended hunting for natives 
• 1892 USA continental expansion was complete and it set up its own colony in Hawaii and Philippines 

• Constitutional rights 

• Right to property and boat was given only to white man 
• Daniel Paul a Canadian native pointed out in 2000 that Thomas paine used 'Indians as model of society must be organised'

Winds of change 

• The problem of Indian administration a survey which was conducted by social scientist Lewis Mariam in 1928 
• Portrait a grim picture of native which result date in Indian Reorganisation act 1934 
• Which gave them right to buy land and take loans 
• In 1950 - 60s USA and Canadian Government  ended all special provisions so that the native could enter mainstream
• However native don't want this which led to the declaration of Indian rights in 1954 
• A number of natives accepted citizenship on a condition that their reservations will not be taken and culture would not be interfered with .
• In 1969 government announced they wouldn't recognise aboriginal rights 
• This resulted in mass moment that in 1982 constitution accepted their rights 

Australia 

• Aborigines begin to arrive on continent over 40,000 years ago they came from new guinea .
• In native tradition they were original there past was termed as dream time as not much is known about it 
• In late 18th century 352 -750 native communities were there even today 200 languages are spoken 
• Another group of indigenous people known as Torres strait Islander believed to be migrated 
• Together they make 2.4% of Australia's population 
• There was friendly interaction initially between them and outsiders initially it was captain cook that came here 
• In 19th and 20th century 90% of the population died due to germs or by land loss 

Settlers 

• Early settlers were mostly convicts deported from England upon completing the jail term they room freely in Australia but rarely return to England 
• Natives for employed at same condition as slavery 
• Chinese provided cheap service but faced a lot of discrimination 
• Post 1974 dark complex people were banned 

Capital 

• When States became independent a new capital would be built in Australia in 1911 suggested name for wollwheatgold ultimately Canberra which means kamberra meaning meeting place was decided to be the capital 

Winds of change 

• 1968 W.E.H. Stanner give lecture the great Australian silence 
• Aboriginal was gaining recognition 
• Henry Reynolds book why weren't we told? Became popular 
• From 1974 multiculturalism became official policy 
• Australia has no such treaties as America 
• Government called land Terra nullius meaning belonging to nobody 
• Also childrens of  mixed blood was separated from their native relatives
• This all led to  2 important decisions 

1. Strong historic bound with land of native was recognised and respected 
2. Apology for injustice done to children was issued

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